Historical Transformation in American Anthropology

The main purpose of Foxs work appears to be trace the historical development of what he refers to as historical transformation in American Anthropology. Fox argues that this method differs from the comparative method used by nineteenth-century evolutionists to study anthropology. The historical transformation method used by American anthropologists instead focuses on the histories of cultures in terms of their development from earlier times. In other words, the study focuses on how historical events interact with existing cultural structures to lead to a variety of outcomes for the culture being studied. In other words, the author, and indeed American anthropologists, is concerned with the dynamic process involved in the development of cultures rather than comparing cultures in a supposedly static way, which is the aim of the comparative method. Fox supports his point with a study of the way in which the historical transformation method has developed in American anthropology. He star ts his discussion with Franz Boas and his critique of the comparative method. The main argument in this critique is that there is a basic flaw in the assumption that comparable cultural phenomena existing in the present must have a common historical origin. According to Boaz, this assumption is proven incorrect by empirical study. Fox bases his argument upon similar findings, one of which found that comparable totemic clans do not have a common origin; some of them originated from aShow MoreRelatedIn Quest Of A Political-Economic Critical Anthropology.1781 Words   |  8 PagesIn Quest of a Political-Economic Critical Anthropology Many social scientists questioned the world systems and its histories because of observing the world uneven development, unequal powers, inequalities, hierarchies, wars, and poverty. The world systems produce and reproduce the injustice and social inequalities. 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Mexican American Studies Should Not Be Banned - 857 Words

â€Å"America is woven of many strands. Our fate is to become one, and yet many† (Ralph Ellison qtd. in D Angelo). Although this quote may be over fifty years old, its meaning still stands; our country should be made of many different cultures and ethnicities that come together to make one United States. However, this cannot be accomplished if our nation does not allow for different cultures to learn about their own country and hold on to their heritage as well as gaining knowledge on the history of the United States. Thus, Mexican-American studies should not be banned in Arizona because contrary to the belief that learning about other cultural struggles is anti-American, actually focusing on the racial identities within the United States is an important step towards becoming a multicultural nation. The United States of America is a nation based on the idea of Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness, the people from this country have an obligation to make sure that every American can experience these given rights. However by banning Mexican-American studies in Arizona, this right to express and learn about their culture is taken away. According to Kirk Semple of the New York Times, about 41 percent of all Mexicans between ages 16 and 19 [in the city] have dropped out of school. There could be a plethora of reasons why this statistic may be so high for Mexican-Americans, however, based on the statements made by students in the documentary Precious Knowledge, thereShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Stance On Ethnic Issues In Education?749 Words   |  3 Pagesnecessary to maintain ethnic equality in our classrooms. 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Brave New World vs 1984 Essay Example For Students

Brave New World vs 1984 Essay Although many similarities exist between Aldous Huxleys A Brave New World and George Orwells 1984, the works books though they deal with similar topics, are more dissimilar than alike. A Brave New World is a novel about the struggle of Bernard Marx, who rejects the tenants of his society when he discovers that he is not truly happy. 1984 is the story of Winston who finds forbidden love within the hypocrisy of his society. In both cases, the main character is in quiet rebellion against his government which is eventually found to be in vain. Huxley wrote A Brave New World in the third person so that the reader could be allotted a more comprehensive view of the activities he presents. His characters are shallow and cartoon-like (Astrachan) in order to better reflect the society in which they are entrapped. In this society traditional notions of love and what ideally should come out of it have long been disregarded and are now despised, Mother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge has but a single outlet. Huxley 41) The comparison to a wild jet is intended to demonstrate the inherent dangers in these activities. Many of the Brave New Worlds social norms are intended to save its citizens from anything unpleasant through depriving them of the opportunity to miss anything overly pleasant. The society values, ACOMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY, (Huxley 1) supersede all else in a collective effort. Soma, the magical ultimate drug is what keeps the population from revolting. What you need is a gramme of soma All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects. The drug is at the forefront of their daily lives providing freedom from lifes every ill. The word comes from the Sanskrit language of ancient India. It means both an intoxicating drink used in the old Vedic religious rituals there and the plant from whose juice the drink was made- a plant whose true identity we dont know. (Astrachan) The drug is used as a form of recreation, like sex, and its use is encouraged at any opportunity, especially when great emotions begin to arise. They are conditioned to accept this to calm and pacify them should they begin to feel anything too intensely. The conditioning also provides them with their place and prevents them from participating in social activities which they neednt take part in. (Smith) Class consciousness which Americans are so reluctant to acknowledge is taught through hypnopdia (the repetition of phrases during sleep akin to post hypnotic suggestion) for all social classes: These names are letters in the Greek alphabet, familiar to Huxleys original English readers because in English schools they are used as grades- like our As, Bs, etc. ith Alpha plus the best and Epsilon minus the worst. In Brave New World, each names a class or caste. Alphas and Betas remain individuals; only Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are bokanovskified. (Astrachan) The conditioning is begun at an extremely young age and is by modern real-world standards cruel; the screaming of the babies suddenly changed its tone. There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance. Huxley 20) The childrens Pavlovian conditioning with electric shocks is later compared to the wax seals which used to grace the seams of letters (Astrachan), Not so much like drops of water, though water, it is true, can wear holes in the hardest granite; rather, drops of liquid sealing-wax, drops that adhere, incrust, incorporate themselves with what they fall on, till finally the rock is all one scarlet blob. The entire society is conditioned to shrink away from intense emotion, engage in casual sex, and take their pacifying Soma. .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .postImageUrl , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:hover , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:visited , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:active { border:0!important; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:active , .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u286ea659afa0c764b28f7e8b61b17f8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an Am EssayIn 1984, a first-person book partly narrated by the main characters internal dialogue, the great party leader is Big Brother, a fictional character who is somewhat more imposing than Ford, of Huxleys book, named after the industrialist Henry Ford (Astrachan). The main character Winston fears Big Brother and is much more aware of his situation than any of the characters in A Brave New World who are constantly pacified by soma. In A Brave New World history is ignored completely whereas in 1984 it is literally rewritten in order to suit the present. Advertisement Time you gave yourself some credit? Consider the NextCard Visa. A 30-second online application and an APR as low as 2. 99% Intro or 9. 99% Ongoing make NextCard the perfect choice for the first-time cardholder. 24-hour online account management 30-second online approval 1-click shopping anywhere on the Internet with NextCard ConciergeSM Easy 1-click bill payment Apply Now! The role of science in both books is extensive and complicated. 1984s telescreens cannot be turned off, as A Brave New World has feelies, an advancement on talkies which added sound, feelies add tactile senses to a movie as well. Science and human progress is not acknowledged in A Brave New World (Smith) excepting when it increases consumption, whereas it is twisted with ironic titles in 1984, They were homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided: the Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts; the Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war; the Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order; and the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty. (Orwell 8) The God (Ford) of A Brave New World encourages production and consumption of shallow objects to complement the shallow minds of its citizens. 1984 was written as a warning against the results of having a totalitarian state. Winston bears the blunt of his mistakes, the crime of individuality and dissention. A Brave New World is as much a satire on the reality of today (the reality of Huxleys day) as it is a novel about the future. ANeil Postman rned Awhen a population becomes distracted by trivia, when cultural life is defined a s a perpetual round of entertainments, when serious public conversation becomes a form of baby talk, a people become an audience and their public business a vaudeville act, then a nation finds itself at risk; cultural death is a clear possibility. (Kruk) Huxley seems to feel that society is progressing toward a materialistic and superficial end, in which all things of real value, including the relationships which make people human, will be quashed. The two works vary greatly, A Brave New World is the Huxleys expression of fear that mankind will create a utopia by way of foregoing all that makes life worthwhile. Orwells work rings more sharply of secret police paranoia. Indeed, Winston is taken to room 101, while Bernard is merely transferred to an uncomfortable location. The hypocrisy is much more evident within A Brave New World as well, owing to the controllers having had a son. Both books forewarn of a day when humankind might fall slave to its own concept of how others should act. The two books ask not whether societies with stability, pacification, and uniformity can be created, but whether or not they are worth creating. It is so often that one wants something and in wanting romanticizes it, thus bringing disappointment when the end is finally obtained. They serve as a reminder that it is necessary to have pain to compare with joy, defeat to compare with victory, and problems in order to have solutions. Both books end on negative notes; Bernard is exiled to work in Iceland and Winston is subjected to psychological treatment and then killed.

Mtv Unplugged In Ny free essay sample

So many thoughts ran through my mind when I heard that Geffen Records was releasing Nirvanas unplugged performance. Perhaps they were trying to capitalize on frontman Kurt Cobains death. After hearing the album, however, all doubt was put to rest. I was overwhelmingly impressed with not only the songs but also the actual sound quality. The diversity of the group was illustrated with all they performed. Kurt played lead guitar and sang, Kris Noveselic played both the bass and guitar, and Dave Grohl played drums and bass. An added extra was the performance of three Meat Puppets songs when that band joined Nirvana on stage. Oh Me was previously unreleased and the emotion that Kurt sang it with was beautiful. Another added song was Something in the Way. These two songs alone make the album worth buying. Various other covers include songs by The Vaselines, David Bowie and the Led Bellies. We will write a custom essay sample on Mtv Unplugged In Ny or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In my opinion, I think that this album is filled with some really wonderful songs and is definitely worth owning. .